JLPT N4 grammar: 36 points explained
The 36 JLPT N4 grammar points explained in English with examples.
〜たら
Condition: "when, if" (often a one-off or future event).
〜ば
Hypothetical condition ("if").
〜と（条件）
Automatic / natural result ("when, whenever").
〜ても
Concession ("even if").
〜のに
Unexpected contrast ("even though, despite").
〜ので
Reason ("since, because"), more polite than から.
〜そうだ（様態）
Appearance, visual impression ("look …").
〜そうだ（伝聞）
Hearsay ("I hear that, they say that").
〜ようだ／〜みたいだ
Guess based on evidence ("it seems that").
〜らしい
Indirect information ("apparently, I hear").
〜てしまう
Doing something completely, or with regret ("end up, unfortunately").
〜ておく
Doing something in advance / leaving it as is on purpose.
〜てみる
Trying something to see how it is.
〜てあげる
Doing a favor for someone ("do for").
〜てくれる
Someone does something for me.
〜てもらう
Receiving a favor from someone ("have someone do").
〜（ら）れる（可能）
Ability / possibility ("can do").
〜（ら）れる（受身）
Passive voice.
〜させる（使役）
Make or let someone do something.
〜なければならない
Obligation ("must, have to").
〜なくてもいい
No obligation ("don't have to").
〜たほうがいい
Advice ("you'd better…").
〜ないほうがいい
Negative advice ("you'd better not…").
〜つもりです
Intention ("intend to, plan to").
〜し、〜し
Lists reasons ("and what's more").
〜すぎる
Excess ("too much").
〜やすい
"easy to …".
〜にくい
"hard to …".
〜方（かた）
"way / how to do".
〜たばかり
"have just …".
〜ところ
The exact point of an action (about to / in the middle of / just did).
〜はずだ
Logical certainty ("should, must be").
〜かもしれない
Possibility ("maybe, might").
〜まま
A state left unchanged ("as it is, without changing").
〜ように
Purpose / wish ("so that, in order to").
〜ことができる
Ability ("be able to, can").
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